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Indian mathematics—which here is the mathematics that emerged in South Asia[1] from ancient times until the end of the 18th century—had its beginnings in the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization (2600-1900 BCE) and the Iron Age Vedic culture (1500-500 BCE). In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the decimal number system,[2] zero,[3] negative numbers,[4] arithmetic, and algebra.[5] In addition, trigonometry, having evolved in Hellenistic Greece and introduced into ancient India through the translation of Greek works,[6] was further advanced in India, and, in particular, the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there.[7] These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe[5] and led to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics.